The selection of a suitable distribution for many bio-medical real data analysis is a tedious task. The general known distributions are not a good-fit, in such cases, researchers are trying for innovative distributions to overcome such situations. Since many such real data are non-symmetric, hence they do not follow normality. In this paper, we have developed a novel version of double XShanker distribution termed as ‘Modified XShanker Distribution (MOXD)’ which has been described by using the weighted technique. This particular new distribution has been illustrated and explored with different statistical properties and its parameters are estimated on the basis of maximum likelihood estimation. To illustrate the predictability and flexibility of new distribution, we introduced a real lifetime biomedical data set to newly developed distribution to determine its performance over other comparable well-known distributions. Two independent real-world datasets were examined. The first dataset involved the birth weights of 130 randomly chosen new-borns from a hospital in Chennai (India). The second dataset pertained to triglyceride levels, focusing on the mean reduction (mg dL-1) in triglycerides observed in 177 randomly selected patients from another Chennai hospital. These patients were monitored after taking Atorvastatin (Atorvaliq, Lipitor) continuously for 3 weeks, with triglyceride levels measured using the Cholesterol-oxidase method.

Wheat is a staple food crop and cultivated in most part of the world with having diverse use in food and bakery industry. Its cultivation and production are much affected by various weed flora. Considering the losses caused by weeds, an ecological plus herbicidal approach was followed with the objective to enhance the productivity and profitability of wheat crop. Sorghum extract (1:3) fb ready-mix of clodinafop + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 significantly increased the productivity by 37.55 kg ha-1 day-1 and profitability by ₹. 721.53 ha-1 day-1. Further, it significantly reduced weed infestation over weedy check. It was concluded that integrated management of weeds in wheat through sorghum extract (1:3) + ready-mix of clodinafop + metsulfuron 64 g ha-1 yielded maximum productivity and profitability while minimizing the weed density, and improved weed indices.

The algal distribution in farmland depends on the plantation type and soil properties, therefore the present study was aimed to assess the diversity of algal community in soils of tea- and pineapple-plantation soils and to correlate the relationship between algae and soil parameters. Soil samples were collected from tea- and pineapple-plantations every month from April 2022 to May 2023. The soil and algal samples were analyzed by appropriate standard methods. Tea plantation soil was clay loam while pineapple plantation soil was sandy loam. The soil samples from study sites were slightly acidic throughout the season. Significant differences in both the study sites were observed for conductivity, moisture content, water holding capacity, organic carbon and phosphorus content. Some frequently encountered algal species were Calothrix marchica, Oscillatoria limnetica, Phormidium retzii, Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Scenedesmus communis, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Gomphonema parvulum, and Navicula lanceolata. A total of 63 algal species were recorded from both the sites. Maximum species diversity was observed in tea plantation soil with diversity index of 2.56. Higher algal abundance was noted in the root zone of tea plantation. The soil physicochemical parameters and plantation type significantly influenced the occurrence, composition and abundance of algae in tea- and pineapple-plantation soils.

Bioethanol is a renewable eco-friendly alternative energy source produced by fermenting simple sugars using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, stress factors during fermentation can reduce yeast efficiency. Optimizing the metal ion supplementation in the growth medium is one strategy to mitigate these effects and improve ethanol yield. The present study was aimed to determine the optimal concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and zinc ions for maximizing ethanol production. Fermentation was carried out in yeast extract-peptone (YEP) medium supplemented with these metal ions. Optimization was conducted using response surface methodology with a central composite design (RSM-CCD). The experimental steps included yeast cell rejuvenation, media preparation, starter culture development, and fermentation. Optimal concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and zinc were 26.36, 368.18, and 66.82 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Under these conditions, the predicted ethanol yield was 0.567 g g⁻¹, while the validation experiment produced 0.274 ± 0.018 g g⁻¹. This represents a 20.7% increase compared as to the center point (0.274 vs 0.227 g g⁻¹). Although optimization enhanced ethanol yield, further refinement of fermentation conditions and medium composition is needed to reduce the gap between predicted and experimental values and to improve overall fermentation performance.

Chelidonium majus L. (family Papaveraceae), widely known as greater celandine, is a valuable plant used in traditional medicine. The present study was aimed to compare the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as the alkaloid composition in tdifferent parts of C. majus collected from various locations in Kungei-Alatau region of Kazakhstan. The amount of total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capability were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, radical (DPPH and ABTS) scavenging, and metal ion reducing (PFRAP) assays. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion technique. The alkaloid composition was characterized by GC-MS. The root samples yielded the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity compared to the aerial parts. The root extracts yielded highest scavenging activity in DPPH (1745.37 ± 1.9 µmol TE mL-1), ABTS (917.97 ± 10.43 µmol TE mL-1), and PFRAP value (18.93 ± 0,14 mmol AAE mL-1) as well as exhibited highest phenolic content (2617.62 ± 5.53 µg GAE mL-1). The root extracts also showed largest inhibition zone (33.0 ± 0.82 mm) against Bacillus subtilis. A total of 26 alkaloids, including chelidonine, demethylchelerythrine, dihydro-chelerythrine, dihydrochelirubine, and dihydrosanguinarine, were identified. The results indicated that the roots of C. majus possess more biologically active component than its other plant parts.

A study was conducted to assess the acute toxicity profile of Galium rotundifolium and Cirsium wallichii used @ 2000 mg kg-1 body weight. These plants, traditionally used in Uttarakhand (India) for liver health, were evaluated for immediate cytotoxic effects in Wistar rats. The randomized controlled trial included five female rats each in control and treatment groups, receiving the doses of 5, 50, 300, and 2000 mg kg-1 over a 15-day period. No visible signs of poisoning or fatalities were observed nor any haematological and biochemical parameter did show any signs of toxicity, thereby supporting the safety of these plant extracts. The oral administration of aqueous extracts from G. rotundifolium and C. wallichii appeared safe and well-tolerated in a single-dose study. However, further research is necessary to assess the potential long-term effects on organs. The extracts may possess hepato-protective, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticancer properties, making them promising candidates for therapeutic applications.

Medicinal plants are rich in bioactive compounds, crucial for disease prevention and treatment. This study explored the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal potential of Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl. Phytochemical screening revealed phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and anthraquinones, particularly in ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone, and chloroform extracts. The ethyl acetate extract had highest phenolic content (1.62 mg GAE g⁻¹), while the chloroform extract exhibited highest flavonoid content (59 mg QE g⁻¹). Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays, while antimicrobial and antifungal potential was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Fusarium oxysporium using agar well diffusion and MIC/MBC assays, with ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts exhibiting the highest efficacy. The study employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the identification and structural elucidation of bioactive compounds. GC-MS, UV-Vis, FT-IR, and NMR confirmed the presence of key compounds, including 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester. These findings suggest the potential of F. ferruginea in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

This ethnobotanical survey documents the indigenous medicinal plant knowledge of Garo tribes in Goalpara district of Assam (India), focusing on their traditional plant-based treatments for a variety of human and livestock ailments. Through interviews with 30 key informants, recognized as holders of traditional knowledge within their community, the study aimed to record this knowledge, contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plant species in the region, and providing a foundation for evaluating their therapeutic properties. These survey revealed the use of 45 medicinal plant species from 27 families for treating various human and livestock ailments. Trees were the most common plant form (37.77%), followed by herbs (31.11%). Leaves were most frequently used plant part for both human (48.88%) and animal (35.71%) treatments. Quantitative analysis showed high use-value (UV) indices for species like Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, Leucas aspera, Bergera koenigii, Terminalia arjuna and Curcuma longa with highest UV (0.96). Curcuma longa demonstrated the highest fidelity level (93.33%). This study highlights the rich ethnomedicinal heritage of the Garo tribes and underscores the urgent need for conservation efforts to preserve both botanical resources and associated traditional knowledge amidst rapid transitions.

Garcinia cambogia is widely used in traditional medicine, yet scientific validation of its pharmacological properties and bioactive compounds remains not fully explored. The present study aimed to bridge this gap by characterizing the phytochemical composition of G. cambogia hydro-alcoholic fruit extract and evaluating its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. In fruit extract GC-MS and LC-MS analyses identified 19 and 18 bioactive compounds, respectively. The extract exhibited high total phenolic (6.58 mg g-1 gallic acid equivalent) and flavonoid content (5.82 mg g-1 quercetin equivalent). The antioxidant assay showed significant activity with IC₅₀ value of 36.22 µg mL-1, in DPPH assay, outperforming ascorbic acid (40.62 µg mL-1). Enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 82.87 µg mL-1) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 67.73 µg mL-1) inhibitory activities, indicating its antidiabetic potential. The anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated using a Carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats, with the extract at 300 mg kg-1 reducing inflammation by 76.5% at 3 h, comparable to diclofenac (78.2%). The study findings support the therapeutic potential of G. cambogia and its application in oxidative stress management, inflammation, and diabetes.

Detecting estrus in goats becomes a challenging task in absence of male goats, as behavioural signs of estrus are often subtle and easily missed. Traditional methods such as visual observation of physiological changes like vulvar edema and cervical mucus discharge, may not always be reliable. To address this, the present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and establish reference values of vaginal electrical resistance (VER) for estrus detection in goats. A total of six goats (N = 6) were used, with their estrus cycles synchronized using progesterone sponges. Behavioural and physiological signs of estrus (viz., buck interest, cervical mucus and vulvar oedema) and VER were monitored for 22 days, extending through subsequent estrus cycle. The results revealed significantly lower (P < 0.001) VER values during estrus as compared to other phases of estrus cycle. The VER values recorded in units (10 units = 1 Ohm), observed during estrous cycle phases were 262.50 ± 12.28 in estrus, 501.33 ± 60.59 in metestrus, 535.64 ± 63.17 diestrus, and 488.33 ± 51.37 in proestrus. Further, PCA analysis revealed that buck interest and VER values play a more significant role in estrus detection as compared to the cervical mucus and vulvar edema. Also, VER across the estrus phase strongly correlated with the physiological estrus signs viz. buck interest and vulvar edema. Based on these findings, we conclude that a reference minimum VER value of 300 units (30 Ω) could be used for estrus detection in Black Bengal and other small-sized goats.

Syzygium cumini L., belonging to the family Myrtaceae, is an edible fruit, well known for its nutritional values and possess several beneficial effects on human beings. The present study was aimed to isolate the polysaccharide from S. cumini seeds and assess its biological activities. The S. cumini polysaccharide (SCP), extracted by hot water extraction process followed by ethanol precipitation, was subjected to physiochemical characterization and in vitro antioxidant, hypo glycaemic and candidacidal assays. The UV-visible spectrum analysis confirmed the extract to be protein-free polysaccharide, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed polysaccharide’s functional groups. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images depicted smooth and non-porous surface morphology, while thin layer chromatography (TLC) indicated the presence of monosaccharide constituents of crude polysaccharide hydrolysates. SCP showed higher total antioxidant capacity and greater radical scavenging activity in DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Also, the extracted SCP effectively inhibited α amylase and α-glucosidase, a carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. Besides, SCP enhanced the intracellular killing activity of stimulated neutrophils and neutrophils candidacidal activity in a dose-dependent manner. The study showed that the isolated polysaccharides from S. cumini seeds possess imperative antioxidant, antidiabetic and immunostimulatory effects.

Diabetes is globally one of the leading non-communicable diseases that pose significant public health challenges. The Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J Member 11 (KCNJ11) gene polymorphism has been implicated in beta-cell dysfunction and altered insulin secretion through potassium-gated channels, potentially influencing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) susceptibility. Genotyping was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism, with verification through Sanger Sequencing. The association between KCNJ11 genotypes and T2DM risk was evaluated using odds ratios and confidence intervals. Biochemical and clinical variables were compared between patients and controls using Student’s t-test and Chi-square (χ²) tests. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The frequency distribution of KCNJ11 (rs5210) SNP (A/G) differed significantly between the control group and T2DM patients (X² = 31.7). The dominant genetic model (p value <0.00; OR = 4.41) showed its strong association with T2DM. Drug response analysis highlighted those patients with the GG genotype responded better to metformin + sulfonylurea (M + S) compared to lantus + gliptin (L + G), indicating genotype-specific therapeutic efficacy. This study confirms that the rs5210 genetic variant of KCNJ11 gene significantly increases susceptibility to T2DM. Furthermore, the GG genotype may influence the effectiveness of antidiabetic therapies, providing a potential basis for personalized treatment strategies. These findings underscore the importance of genetic screening in diabetes management.